Objective Gene detection and immune microenvironment detection in liver cancer can guideanti-tumor therapy，but there are few studies on gene detection and microenvironment detection in liver cancer. In this study，we reported the results of two cases of hepatic carcinoma，one is hepatocellular carcinoma and the other is intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma，and provided preliminary insightsfor the treatment of hepatic carcinoma in the future. Methods In this study，thetumorspecimensoftwopatientsweretestedby multipleximmunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence techniques and tumor gene sequencing. Both patients were under follow- up observation. Results Both patients were belonged to immune non-response type. The overall results showed that the effect of single drug immunotherapy may not be ideal. Partial gene detection results suggested that immune checkpoint blockade may be effective for both patients . Neither patient received immunotherapy. Conclusion The results of these two patients suggested that the effect of immunotherapy is not satisfactory. But immunotherapy is a promisingtreatment for cancerat present, and combinedimmunotherapy maybe helpful for liver cancer. 

Objective To explore the effects of different biopsy location and methods on the histopathological evaluation of donation after citizen's death（DCD）donor kidney. Methods Ten cases of discarded donor kidneys were collected from 2019 to 2022. Samples were harvested from different sites and preparedby paraffin section. After being stained with hematoxylin-eosin（HE），the number of glomeruli and arterioles and the degree of lesion were compared. The specimens were evaluated according to Banff score，Remuzzi score， Maryland score and Pirani score. The samples were compared with the other samples collected bycore needle biopsy，and the number of glomeruli and arterioles per unit area of the two samples were calculated. Results There was no difference in the number and degree of glomeruli and arterioles observed in specimens taken from differentparts（P ＞ 0.05），and there was no significant difference in Banff score，Remuzzi score，Maryland score and Pirani score（P ＞ 0.05）. The proportion of glomerulosclerosis（42%±8.8% vs. 25%±23.2%），intimal thickening of arterioles（68%±27% vs. 46.5%±22.8%）and arterioles hyaline degeneration（86%±17.4% vs. 59.3%±16.4%）incore needle biopsy specimens was higher than that in anatomical specimens. In the aspect of donor kidney scoring，only the degree of glomerulosclerosis in Banff score was significantly different between the two samples（2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.9）， and there was no significant difference in other scoring systems（P ＞ 0.05）. The number of glomeruli in core needle

biopsy specimens per unit area was less than that in anatomical specimens〔（199.3±50.7）/cm2 vs.（240.6±57.4）/cm2〕，but the number of arterioles was greater than that in anatomical specimens〔（153.5±76.9）/cm2 vs.（114.9±43.7）/cm2〕. Conclusion The way of obtaining biopsy specimens from different parts had no effect on the histological evaluationof DCD donor kidney. The scoring results of core needle biopsy specimens can reflect the degree of donor kidney lesions. The sample getting from core needle biopsy is deep，and the degree of angle entering the donor kidney should be appropriately decreased. 

Objective The addition of insulin therapy to transient expression of the transcription factor（pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene1，PDX-1） may enable islet regeneration in the pancreas of diabetic mice. Methods Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6J mice（BG ＞ 16.7 mmol/L） by streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection（200 mg/kg）. Gene transfer was then performed by intra-pancreatic injection of an adenoviral vector （1×109 pfu）encoded witheither PDX-1（Ad-PDX-1） or LacZ （Ad-LacZ） control， followed by daily insulin administration. Body weight， blood glucose，and pancreas histology were monitored. Results Our results showed that insulin administration gradually decreased blood glucose level in Ad-Pdx1 group， which became euglycemic （BG ＜ 11.1 mmol/L） and insulin-independent in about two to three weeks. Without insulin， however, no obvious effect was observed. The animals in the Ad-LacZ control group （with or without insulin therapy）remained hyperglycemic throughout the 30 days study course. Histological analysis showed that newly formed islets consisting solely of insulin-producing cells were induced in the pancreas of the mice treated with both insulin and Ad-PDX-1, while no or very few insulin positive cells were observed in control. Conclusion Transient expression of PDX-1 combined with insulin treatment effectively induced the regeneration of functional islet β cells in the pancreas of the diabetic mice， forming new islet and reversing diabetes. This approach may prove to be a novel strategy for the treatment of diabetes.

Objective Through the diagnosis and treatment process of 3 patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders（PTLD），the etiology，clinical manifestations and diagnosis and treatment measures of PTLD after kidney transplantation were discussed. Methods A retrospective analysis of 3 patients with PTLD diagnosed and treated in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from 2010 to 2022 was performed. Results All patients had received three-drug-immunosuppression after transplantation，and the duration between renal transplantation and diagnosis of PTLD was 5 months，6 months，and 120 months，respectively. All patients had symptoms of compression at the corresponding location caused by enlarged regional lymph nodes. Upon diagnosis，the dosage of immunosuppressive drugs was reduced，supplemented with rituximab or chemotherapy. Clinical complete remission was achieved in one case，and the lesion of the remaining patients was significantly reduced. Conclusion PTLD is one of the rare complications after kidney transplantation，with poor prognosis and heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Lymph node enlargement is one of the typical manifestations of this disease. Early imaging and histopathological examinations are ideal for a definite diagnosis and early adjustment. The combination of immunosuppressive dose adjustment，application of rituximab and chemotherapy as well as othermeasures can improve the prognosis and reduce the mortality of patients. 

Objective To investigate the application value of dynamic monitoring of lymphocyte subsets （including T，B and NK cells）after lung transplantation. Methods Flow cytometry was used to dynamically monitor the changes of lymphocyte subsets at different time points before and after lung transplantation in two patients. Results Two recipients presented different changes of lymphocyte subsets before and after lung transplant. The preoperative lymphocyte subsets were in normal level in one recipient，the T lymphocyte subgroup returned to reference range nine days after transplant，the absolute number of NK cells remained low，the CD4/CD8 level first increased and then decreased postoperatively in this patients. The lymphocyte subsets has been restored to normal levels 6 month after transplant. In case 2，the lymphocyte subsets were severely reduced before surgery，and the absolute number of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes returned to normal level 7 days after surgery. CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 remained low，while NK cells and B cells fluctuated slightly and were below the reference range at most time points. Conclusion Dynamic monitoring of lymphocyte subsets after lung transplantation cantimely evaluate the immune status of patients，provide reference for individualized diagnosis and treatment and timely adjustment of medication regimen. 

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of islet transplantation after failed pancreas transplantation， and to summarize the literature experience. Methods The clinical data of 3 patients with islettransplantation after failed pancreas transplantation in the first Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University wereretrospectively analyzed and followed up for 6 months.Results In the 3 patients who received islet transplantation afterfailed pancreas transplantation， the islet function was good after operation， the level of fasting C-peptide was significantly improved compared with that before surgery. All patients stopped using exogenous insulin or reduced the dosage by morethan 2/3， and their blood glucose was stable. Conclusion islet transplantation after failed pancreas transplantation canbe a remedial treatment for diabetes mellitus with high efficacy and safety.