Thisreview discusses severalmicrofluidic devices developedat theUniversity of Illinois at Chicago（UIC）usedforstudying the physiology andpathophysiology ofhumanisletsandtheir applicationsinthehuman islet transplantationprocess.Thereview firstintroduceskey issues foundin the field ofpancreaticislet transplantation asaclinical therapyforTypeI diabetes. Itthenreviewsmicrofluidictechnologiesthatcanbeused toaddress thosekey issues, theuniquefeaturesassociatedwitheachmicrofluidicdevice, and theapplicationof each.Additionally,the reviewalsobrieflydiscussesthe design andfabricationprinciples of UICmicrofluidicdevices.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and predictive value of ultrasound（US），color doppler flow imaging（CDFI）and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography（CEUS）examinations in recipients with donationafter cardiac death（DCD）donor kidney and living donor kidney（LDK）transplantation. Methods Allogeneickidney transplantation was performed in Organ Transplantation Center of Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from December 2017 to January 2020. Twenty one recipients were enrolled in the DGF group，and 39 recipients with clinically confirmed normal renal function were selected as the immediate graft function group. Recipients underwent renal grayscale ultrasound，color doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound on the first day after renal transplantation. In the DGF group and the transplanted kidney function recovery group（IGF），the renal artery resistance index，cortical time difference，vertebral body time difference，cone peak time，cortical peak intensity and cold ischemia time were recorded to evaluate thefeasibility of these values in predicting early DGF after renal transplantation. Results In this observationalstudy，a total of 60 allogeneic kidney transplant recipients met the criteria for inclusion. Among them，21 patients developed DGF after operation. The renal artery resistance index RI，the time of transplanted renal cortex，the peak time of transplanted kidney cone，the peak intensity of transplanted renal cortex，the difference of cortical cone arrival time and cold ischemia time were combined and analyzed by logistic regression. The index value is calculated as（3.471×main renal artery resistance index +0.157×cortical time difference T1 + 0.120×cone time difference - 0. 105×cortical peak intensity + 0.005×cone peak time + 0.550×cold ischemia time）. The area under the ROC curve of the composite index value was 0.901（P ＜ 0.001），the 95% confidence interval for the composite index value was（0.822，0.978），and the diagnostic threshold for the composite index value was 8.8158，and the sensitivity was 85.70. %，the specificity was 84.62%，the positive predictive value was 72%，the negative predictive value was 91.42%，the positive likelihood ratio was 4.77，and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.174. In addition，a large area of perirenal hematoma was found in the early stage of the study，1 case of renal artery stenosis，and 2 cases of renal allograft rejection. Conclusion The study found that the combination of renal artery motility index，transplantation renal cortex time difference，transplantation renal cortex imaging peak intensity，transplantation renal cortex pyramidal imaging time difference，transplanted kidney cold ischemia time can be early and timely predictive markers of delayed graft dysfunction. It has high sensitivity and specificity. This study also found that CEUS has a greater diagnostic value in the detection of early complications of transplanted kidneys，and can promptly detect peri-renal hematomas，stenosis of the transplanted renal arteries，and acute rejection of the transplanted kidneys. 

ObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of direct antiviral drugs （DAAs） inhepatitis C virus （HCV） negative recipients undergoing kidney transplantation from HCV IgG （+） / HCVinfected renal allografts. MethodsA total number of 12 patients were enrolled in the Institute of OrganTransplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from 2018to 2023， including 10 patients who were preemptively started DAAs regimen immediately after transplantation， and 2 patients who were therapeutically given DAAs regimen after abnormal liver function anddetectable viral load. All patients had 12-week oral antiviral regimen of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir （SOF/VEL）. Blood transaminase， serum creatinine， eGFR，drug concentration and HCV viral load were regularly reviewed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DAAs. ResultsOne case of treatment failure occurred after the completion ofSOF/VEL therapy in 10 preemptively-treated patients， and the genotype was detected as 3b. The other 9 recipients achieved sustained virological response （SVR）12 weeks after the end of SOF/VEL treatment. After altering the antiviral regimen twice in succession， the patients who failed in the initial treatment ultimately achieved SVR12 with a DAAs combination containing ribavirin （RIB）. Abnormal liver function and high HCV viral load were detected in 2 therapeutically treated patients one month after transplantation， the patients had normalized transaminase once SOF/VEL combination was started and achieved SVR12 eventually. The patients who failed to achieve SVR12 showed persistent abnormal bilirubin during the treatment of DAAs containing ribavirin. The serum creatinine and drug concentration of all patients were stable during the follow-up period. ConclusionIt is safe and effective for HCV uninfected recipients to receive HCV-positive kidney grafts with DAAs prophylactic or therapeutic therapy. For patients infected with subtype 3b HCV and failed in the initial treatment of pan-genotypic DAAs regime， a combination of SOF/VEL/RIB is recommended. 

Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of long-acting or intermediate-acting insulin combined with oral hypoglycemic drug in treatment of patients with high blood sugar early after kidney transplantation. Methods 45 cases at 1 month after kidney transplantation with high blood glucose were divided into three groups according to insulin used，insulin detemir group（A），insulin glargine group（B）and Novolin N group（C），and 15 patients in each group. The original oral acarbose dose was maintained，and each group of patients received 1 dose a day injections of insulin for 4 weeks. Blood glucose and incidence of hypoglycemia were monitored. Results Fasting blood glucose and post prandial blood sugar after treatment of three groups were significantly decreased，with most

significantly decreased in the A group ；and A，B groups decreased more than C group〔fasting blood glucose （mmol/L）：3.08±0.51，2.86±0.58 vs. 0.92±0.34 ；post prandial blood sugar（mmol/L）：4.38±1.19，4.18±1.22 vs. 2.34±0.77〕，the difference was statistically significant（all P＜0.05）；A，B groups of hypoglycemia events were obviously less than group C（6%，13% vs. 26%）. Conclusions In patients early after kidney transplantation with high blood glucose and cannot be controlled well by acarbose，treatment with addition of long-acting or intermediate- acting insulin can decrease the level of blood glucose obviously. Insulin detemir is effective and gentle for control forblood glucose with less incidence of hypoglycemia，which is a more ideal physiological simulated insulin secretion.

Objective To provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of biliary infection resulting from Acinetobacter baumannii after liver transplantation by distinguishing the constituent ratio and resistance phenotype of Acinetobacter baumannii from biliary culture results and drug-resistance test collecting from liver transplant recipients. Methods The results of biliary culture and drug resistance test of 1950 biliary specimens were collected retrospectively from patients who received liver transplantation during January 2009 and September 2013. Constituent ratio and resistance phenotype of Acinetobacter baumannii in pathogen positive specimens were analyzed. Results In 1 950 biliary specimens, 1 348 biliary specimens were turned out to be pathogen positive, a total of 1436 strains of pathogenic microorganism were detected, including 777 strains of Gram—negative bacteria. 82 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were identified, the constituent ratio was 10.55%(82/777), total ratio was 5.71%(82/1436). There were 12, 21, 19, 22, 8 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii each year respectively, and correspondingly the constituent ratio was 9.38%, 10.50%, 11.24%, 17.32% and 5.34%. Drug resistant test showed that Acinetobacter baumannii in biliary specimens were resistant to most antibiotics frequently used in clinic except for colistin. Conclusion The detection and constituent ratio of Acinetobacter baumannii in biliary specimens of livertransplant recipients is increasing and the majority of them have a high resistance rate to most antibiotics frequendy used in clinic except for colistin.