Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of early post-transplant depression in renal transplant patients and analyze the influencing factors. Methods A longitudinal study was designed to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 128 patients with end-stage renal disease who received kidney transplantation from August 2018 to January 2019. A self-designed general questionnaire was used to understand the sociodemographic information and measure depression with the Self-rating Depression Scale（SDS）. Hemoglobin and creatinine levels were monitored by collecting hematological samples. The measurement time was before（T0）, 1 month（T1），2 months（T2）and 3 months（T3）after renal transplantation. The differences between the four measurements were compared with the repeated measures analysis of variance，the influence factors of depression were analyzed by using the generalized estimation equation. Results The depression scores of the patients were 60.14±8.440，51.12±9.092，49.55±8.597 and 48.79±7.992. Rates of depressive symptoms were 91.6%，53.9%， 41.4% and 44.5%，respectively. Post-transplant time，educational background and hemoglobin level were determined to be the influencing factors of depression. Conclusion The depressive symptoms of patients with end-stage renal disease improved rapidly within 1 month after receiving kidney transplantation. Some patients still had moderate and severe depressive symptoms，and the depression level was dynamic. Education levels and hemoglobin had a lastingeffect on the depression status of kidney transplant patients in the immediate future.