Objective To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich saline on autophagy in rats whichundergoing orthotopic liver transplantation （OLT）. Methods Healthy male Sprague-Dawley （SD）rats，weighing 220-250 g，were divided into three groups（n ＝ 8 each）: sham operated group（Sham group）；orthotopicliver transplantation group（OLT group）；orthotopic liver transplantation with hydrogen-rich saline treatmentgroup（HS group）. Sham Group only underwent simple laparotomy. OLT were performed in OLT and HS group.In group HS，6 ml/kg hydrogen-rich saline was injected through infrahepatic vena cava（IVC）after IVC reperfusion.All rats were sacrificed at 6 h after reperfusion. Hepatic function ，oxidative stress（MDA and SOD）and pathologicalchanges were detected. The expression of LC3- Ⅱ and Beclin-1 were detected by Western Blot. The expressionof caspase-3 and Cyt-c mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with Sham group，the liverfunctions，the levels of oxidative stress，the expression of LC3- Ⅱ，Beclin-1、caspase-3 mRNA and Cyt-c mRNA increased markedly in OLT and HS group（MDA（nmol/mg）：1.25±0.13、1.02±0.11 vs. 0.64±0.07，SOD（U/mg）： 135.78±10.92、158.81±12.09 vs. 204.13±17.75，caspase-3（2-ΔΔCt）：2.02±0.26、1.67±0.17 vs. 1.09±0.18，Cyt-C（2-ΔΔCt）：1.96±0.19、1.64±0.18 vs. 0.99±0.17，all P ＜ 0.05）. In HS group，the pathological changes，the levels of apoptosis and autophagy were significantly ameliorated compared to group OLT〔MDA（nmol/mg ：1.02±0.11 vs. 1.25±0.13，caspase-3 ：1.67±0.17 vs. 2.02±0.26，Cyt-C ：1.64±0.18 vs. 1.96±0.19，all P ＜ 0.05）〕. Conclusion Hydrogen-rich saline can inhibit autophagy and attenuate ischemia reperfusion injury in rats undergoing OLT.

Objective This study focuses on the effect of anti HLA- Ⅱ antibody on kidney function andlong-term survival of kidney transplantation patients. Methods A total number of 107 kidney transplantationpatients from Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, whose anti HLA class Ⅱ antibodies had been detected to be positive and transplantation operation had been performed in 2007. In 2010-2011, these patients’HLA class Ⅱ antibodies were detected again. In October 2014, these patients were detected for renalfunction and long-term survival. Results The detection results in 2007 showed that 107 kidney transplantationpatients had positive anti HLA- Ⅱ antibody. 19 patients had normal renal function with positive anti HLA- Ⅱantibody in the detection of 2010 and 2011, and normal renal function in 2014. 43 of these patients had normal renal function but their HLA class Ⅱ antibodies turn to be negative in 2010-2011，and they had normal kidney function in 2014. There were 2 of these patients who had normal renal function with negative antibody in 2010-2011, but their renal function reduced in 2014. There were 3 patients who had renal function reduced in 2010-2011 with negative antibody，but their renal function didn’t show downward trend in 2014. A total number of 18 patients lost most renalfunction in 2010-2011 with positive anti HLA- Ⅱ antibody, and lost renal function in 2014. 22 patients lost renalfunction or lost contact 2-3 years after renal transplantation. Conclusion The effects of anti HLA- Ⅱ antibodies on renal allograft vary from different person, and protective antibodies may exist.

Objective To explore the effect of vitexin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury（HIRI）by regulating autophagy in mice. Methods Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice weigh 20-25 g were selected anddivided into Sham group，Ischemia-Reperfusion（I/R）group and Vitexin group，respectively，with 6 mice in eachgroup. Vitexin group received intraperitoneal injection of vitexin 10 mg/kg 6 h preoperatively. Sham group and I/R group received equal amount of normal saline. HIRI model was constructed in I/R group and Vitexin group. Sham group received abdomen open and closure only. Serum alanine transaminase（ALT）and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）levels were detected in all groups，histopathological features were observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining，apoptosis was detected by Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl Transferase Mediate Nick End Labeling （TUNEL）assay and expression of Beclin1，Bcl-2，LC3，caspase-3 proteins were detected by WesternBlot. Results Compared with I/R group，Vitexin group had a significantly lower levels of ALT and AST inserum〔ALT（U/L）：201.57±77.12 vs. 444.31±92.61，AST（U/L）：311.72±90.91 vs. 623.54±112.05，

all P ＜ 0.05〕，decreased injury of liver cells were shown in microscope and apoptotic cells marked by TUNEL assay，and the expressions of Beclin1，LC3，caspase-3 proteins weredecreased while

The expressionofBcl-2proteinincreased at the same time. Conclusion Vitexin canattenuate HIRI

inmice，whichmaybe related to theinhibitionof hepatocyteautophagy

Objective To explore the protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on ischemia-reperfusion induced liver injury in rats and the mechanism of this effect. Methods A total number of 24 healthy maleSprague-Dawley（SD）rats age ranging from 8-10 weeks weighting 220-250 g were randomly divided into three groups（n ＝ 8 in each group）using a random number table ：sham operated group（Sham group），cold ischemia- reperfusion induced liver injury model group（I/R group）and hydrogen-rich saline treated group（HS group）. Laparotomy was performed and the related blood vessels were isolated in Sham group. The liver cold ischemia-reperfusion were induced in I/R and HS groups. Saline or hydrogen-rich saline were injected through inferior vena cava 5 min before portal vein was clamped in I/R or HS group. After the total hepatic ischemic in I/R andHS group，the liver was reperfused with ringer lactate solution（pre-cooled，4℃）at a speed of 6-8 ml/min and a1 mm incision was cut on the infrahepatic vena cava（IHVC）as an outflow tract. The whole anhepatic phase lastedfor 30 min. At 6 h of reperfusion，blood samples were obtained from the inferior vena cava to detect the levels of alanine amino-transferase（ALT），aspartate amino-transferase（AST），tumor necrosis factor-alpha（TNF-α）and interleukin-10（IL-10）in serum. Hepatic specimens were obtained for the determination of malondialdehyde （MDA）and superoxide dismutase（SOD）contents，expression of caspase-3，Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA，and microscopic examination of the pathological changes in hepatic tissues by light microscopy. Results Compared with Shamgroup，the levels of ALT，AST，TNF-α and content of MDA，Bax/Bcl-2，and expression of caspase-3 mRNA in serum were significantly increased，and the level of serum IL-10 and the activity of SOD were decreased in I/R and HS groups〔ALT（U/L）：467.3±203.6、275.7±74.0 vs. 73.9±30.1，AST（U/L）：929.6±442.7、581.4±143.3 vs. 194.6±72.2，TNF-α（μg/L）：0.081 3±0.029 8、0.052 0±0.009 9 vs. 0.027 3±0.004 4，MDA（nmol/mg）：1.13±0.10、1.00±0.11 vs. 0.84±0.06，caspase-3（2-ΔΔCt）：2.77±0.98、1.46±0.33 vs. 1.00±0.00，Bax/Bcl-2（2-ΔΔCt）：1.59±0.34、1.12±0.16 vs. 1.02±0.10，IL-10（μg/L）：0.141 5±0.023 3、0.320 6±0.064 8 vs. 0.205 3±0.049 7，SOD（U/mg）：194.9±20.4、218.1±16.0 vs. 240.8±16.9，all P ＜ 0.05〕. While compared with I/R group，the levels of ALT，AST，TNF-α in serum and content of MDA，Bax/Bcl-2，and expression of caspase-3 mRNA weredecreased，the level of IL-10 and the activity of SOD were increased in HS group〔ALT（U/L）：275.7±74.0 vs. 467.3±203.6，AST（U/L）：581.4±143.3 vs. 929.6±442.7，TNF-α（μg/L）：0.052 0±0.009 9 vs. 0.081 3±0.029 8，MDA（nmol/mg）：1.00±0.11 vs. 1.13±0.10，caspase-3（2-ΔΔCt）：1.46±0.33 vs. 2.77±0.98，Bax/Bcl-2（2-ΔΔCt）：1.12±0.16 vs. 1.59±0.34，IL-10（μg/L）：0.320 6±0.064 8 vs. 0.141 5±0.023 3，SOD（U/mg）：218.1±16.0 vs.194.9±20.4，all P ＜ 0.05〕. Conclusion Hydrogen-rich saline can alleviate cold ischemia reperfusion induced liver injury through its selective antioxidant，inhibition of inflammatory response and anti-apoptotic properties.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors，clinical features and prophylaxis of de novo cancers after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 8 patients with the digestivesystem malignant tumor out of 1 809 patients who underwent liver transplantation and these patients who received complete follow-up in the First Central Hospital of Tianjin from January 2006 to January 2013 were analyzedretrospectively. Smoking and alcohol history，protopathy，blood concentration，prophylaxis of de novo cancers，diagnosis process and prognosis were summarized. Results The incidence of malignancies in digestive system after liver transplantation in our hospital was 0.44%（8/1 809），including 3 cases of colon cancer，2 cases of gastric cancer，2 cases of liver cancer，1 cases of esophageal cancer. The dosage of FK506 was reduced when patientsreceived the corresponding treatment when they had been diagnosed as malignancies. Up to the date of submission，8 patients were followed up for 3-62 months，the median time was 18.5 months and the fatality rate was 50%，bothdied of tumor progression and multiple organ failure. Conclusion Immunosuppression，primary disease，drinking and smoking history，age and virus infection may be high risk factors of malignancy following liver transplantation. The reduction of immunosuppression to the lowest level compatible with good allograft function and prophylactic measuresagainst certain viral infections is the most important preventive measure.

Objective To analyse radiofrequency ablation in combination with local injection of anhydrousalcohol effects on the quality of life and prognosis in primary liver cancer. Methods Radiofrequency ablation in combination with anhydrous alcohol local injection treatment of 204 patients from January 2011 to December 2014in Inner Mongolia medical University affiliated hospital with primary liver cancer were analyzed，random number table method was used to divide them into control group（104 cases）and the treatment group（100 cases）. Patientsin control group underwent ultrasound guided percutaneous absolute alcohol injection，treatment group was given radiofrequency ablation combined therapy with local injection of anhydrous alcohol，observation period lasted for3 months. The changes of liver function and AFP before and after the treatment of these two groups were measured. The European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life scale（EORTC QLQ C30）was usedto evaluate the quality of the patients life changes. To observe the recurrence rate and survival period，using theLogistic regression analysis of risk factors was performed for prognosis. Results Before the treatment，alanineaminotransferase（ALT），aspartate transaminase（AST），total bilirubin，albumin and alpha fetoprotein（AFP）levelin the control group and treatment group had no statistically significant difference（P ＞ 0.05）；After treatment，compared with control group patients，ALT，AST，total bilirubin，albumin and AFP level in treatment group wassignificantly lower〔ALT（U/L）：30.16±18.55 vs. 39.56±20.48，AST（U/L）：32.25±19.48 vs. 40.44±21.56，total bilirubin（μmol/L）：5.40±2.57 vs. 9.54±3.25，albumin（g/L）：42.54±6.89 vs. 40.24±6.87，AFP（μg/L）：154±82 vs. 223±107，all P ＜ 0.05〕. Before treatment，there were no statistically significant difference in control group and treatment group patients’quality of life ；After treatment，the treatment grouppatients’general health，physical function，social function score were higher than the control group. Compared with control group，nausea and vomiting，pain，fatigue，insomnia，diarrhea，loss of appetite score decreased，the difference had statistical significance〔general function（score）：71.63±10.65 vs. 65.24±11.21，physical function（score）：89.04±8.60 vs. 85.26±8.53，social function（score）：72.88±13.22 vs. 65.59±13.06，nausea and vomiting（score）：16.33±14.33vs. 27.36±19.22，pain（score）：17.28±11.77 vs. 25.32±10.07，fatigue（score）：17.67±11.20 vs. 28.87±12.05，insomnia（score）：14.38±14.57 vs. 28.50±20.36，diarrhea（score）：4.98±8.24 vs. 15.98±20.05，loss of appetite （score）：13.55±15.25 vs. 29.77±20.21，all P ＜ 0.05〕. A total number of 190 patients were followed up and，thefollow-up rate was 93.14%，there were 108 surviving patients，82 patients died. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that the disease position，ALT，AFP level before treatment，intraoperative blood transfusion，operation method，tumor recurrence and radiofrequency ablation combined local injection of anhydrous alcohol associated with prognosis after treatment of primary liver cancer（P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation in combination with local injection of anhydrous alcohol is a kind of effective method of treatment in primary liver cancer. The prognosis of primary liver cancer was associated with the position and ALT，AFP level beforetreatment，intraoperative blood transfusion，operation method and tumor recurrence.

Objective To observe the alterations of macrophage M1 and M2 subsets and the regulation of Ulinastatin（UTI）and to explore the mechanisms of UTI anti-inflammatory in the immunocompromised mousewith severe pulmonary infection. Methods A total number of 60 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into control group，model group and UTI-group，with 20 mice in each group. The mice in model group were prepared withmethylprednisolone by intraperitoneal injectionand dripping LPS bytrachea. The mice inUTI-group were treated by intervention with UTI（1×105U/kg），before or after LPSIntervention. At6 hours after theintratracheal administration of LPS，the indexes were detected as fellow: the cell types and ratios of cells in bron choalveolar lavage fluid（BALF），pathological changes expression of CD163 in the lung of mice were detected by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining and immunohistochemistry staining，respectively. The mRNA expression of M1-type markers（TNF-α，IL-6，iNOS）andM2-type markers（CD206，Arg-1，IL-10）were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR in BALF. Results There was acute respiratory distress phenomenon in the model group. The pathological changes were wider alveolar walls and predominant polymorphonuclear neutrophils（PMN）and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. In UTI group，the pulmonary injury were alleviated and lung injury score were significantly lower than that of model group〔lung injury score（score）：6.77±0.85 vs. 8.21±0.92，P ＜ 0.05〕. The ratios of PMN and macrophage were significantlyincreased in in UTI group and model group，but there were no significant difference between the two groups. Except iNOS，the markers of M1 and M2 macrophages were higher than those of control group. In UTI group，M1-type markers（TNF-α，IL-6）and M2-type markers（CD206，IL-10）were significantly lower than that in model group〔TNF（2-ΔΔCt）：0.42±0.18vs. 0.76±0.17，IL-6（2-ΔΔCt）：0.72±0.26 vs. 1.22±0.32，IL-10（2-ΔΔCt）：3.91±1.35vs. 6.84±2.13，CD206（2-ΔΔCt）：0.61±0.19 vs.0.92±0.31，allP ＜ 0.05〕，ad iNOSndArg-1hadnosignificant difference. In additional，M2-type marker CD163 expression in UTI group was significantly lower than that of model group，but higher than that of control group〔CD163（A）value ：31 430.0±2 417.97 vs. 69 855.0±6 489.5，P ＜ 0.05〕. Conclusion In the immune suppression mice of Th1 to Th2 of unidirectional deviation，M1 macrophage subset was activated more strongly than M2 macrophage subsets in severe pulmonary infection.The mechanisms of UTIanti-inflammatory may regulate of rebalance of M1 and M2 macrophages.