Objective To explore the effects of dendritic cells（DCs）from hepatitis B virus（HBV）transgenic mice-stimulated autologous lymphocytes on HBV replication in vitro. Methods DCs from HBVtransgenic mice were induced to maturity by incubation with hepatitis B surface antigen（HBsAg）and hepatitis B core antigen （HBcAg）in vitro. Mature DCs and autologous lymphocytes were co-stimulated to form specific sensitized immune effector cells（IEC），then co-cultured with the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15. Changes in morphology and activity of hepatocytes were then observed，and liver enzyme as well asinflammatory cytokine levels in the culture supernatant were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbentassay （ELISA）. Intracellular HBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA （cccDNA）concentrationwere measured by real-time PCR. Results Co-stimulation by mature DCs and IEC showed no impact on the morphology and liver enzyme expression level of HepG 2.2.15 cells，but the supernatant HBVDNA and intracellular HBV DNA and cccDNA levels decreased significantly compared with those cells co-cultured with immature DCs. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant showed that when HBV DNAwas highly expressed，the concentration of IFN-γ and IL-2 decreased，while IL-10 was increased. Contrastingly， when HBV DNA had low expression，the concentration of IFN-γ and IL-2 increased，however，the expression of IL-10 decreased. Conclusion Co-stimulation of HBV-related antigen-induced mature DCs and autologous lymphocytes showed inhibitory effects on ex vivo HBV replication，and cytokines were suggested to mediate this effect.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of different regimens for prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence post liver transplantation in different times of a single center，summarize and optimize the treatment protocol. Methods Nine hundred and eighty-four adult patients diagnosed as hepatitis B related end stage benignliver diseases underwent primary liver transplant between May 1994 and December 2012，of whom 62 recipients died within 30 days after transplantation and were not included for statistical analysis. The remaining 922 patients were grouped as non-treatment，famciclovir，lamivudine and nucleos（t）ide analogues combined with hepatitis Bimmune globulin（HBIG）group based on 4 different regimens for prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence post liver transplantation. Results Hepatitis B recurrence occurred in 27 patients. Among them，all the 3 patients of non-treatment group（underwent transplant between 1994-1999）showed recurrence，all the 2 patients in famciclovir group （underwent transplant between 1998-1999）showed recurrence，6 patients（40.0%）in lamivudine group（underwenttransplant between 1998-2001）showed recurrence，and 16 patients（1.8%）in nucleos（t）ide analogues combined with HBIG group（underwent transplant between 1999-2012）showed recurrence. Both cumulative hepatitis B recurrence rates（χ2 ＝ 48.99，P ＝ 0.000）and cumulative patient survival rates（χ2 ＝ 62.694，P ＝ 0.000）showed significant statistical significance among these four groups of patients. Conclusion With the successful development and widespread marketing of nucleos（t）ide analogues and HBIG，regimens for prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation have been optimized gradually in our center. Nucleos（t）ide analogues combinedwith HBIG was proved effective，and has been applicated by many other centers throughout our whole country，which provides strong support for the outcomes of liver transplantation in HBV-related end stage liver diseases.

Objective To sum up the pathological and clinical features of hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation. Methods 56 patients after liver transplantation from June 2005 to December 2014 with hepatitis B infection were retrospectively analyzed for clinical data，hepatitis B markers，HBVDNA and liver biopsy pathologydata. Results The 56 patients with hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation included 38 males and 28 females ；the age ranged from 42 - 67 years（average age 52.6 years) ；the time of liver biopsy was 96 - 2 432 days， and biopsy was performed in 78 times. The postoperative hepatitis B infection in the group was ＜ 1 year（32.15%），1 - 2 years（57.14%），2 - 3 years（7.14%）and ＞ 3 years（3.57%），and 2 years the infection rate was 89.29%. The copies of HBV DNA is ＜ 103 IU/ml（21.43%）、103 - 104 IU/ml（73.21%）and ＞ 104 IU/ml（5.36%）respectively，and 2 patients which ＞ 104 IU/ml infected after operation in 2 years. Serological HBsAg（-）、HBsAg（+）、HBsAg、HBeAg（+）and HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb（+）is 19.64%、57.14%、14.29% and 8.93%，respectively. The results of 78，including portal area moderate mononuclear cell infiltration，interface of inflammation，focal liver cell necrosis and apoptosis，liver cell frosted glassdegeneration，liver tissue deposition in the bile and periportal fibrosis. Theoccurrence rate is 83.33%、48.72%、92.31%、15.38%、41.03% and 15.38%. Batts-Ludwig activity classification 0、1、2 、3、4 is 15.38%、

29.49%、24.36%、19.23% and 11.54%，respectively. Hepatitis fibrosis stage 0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、 Ⅲ and Ⅳ is 58.97%、16.67%、15.54%、7.69% and 5.13%. The degree of hepatitis activity grading was correlatedwith the levels of hepatitis markers and HBV DNA，has nothing to do with time.Fibrosis stage was correlated withthe infection time，hepatitis markers and HBV DNA levels. Conclusions The main pathologic manifestations of hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation is liver cell injury，portal inflammation. The pathological examination can evaluate the activity and fibrosis staging of hepatitis B infection，which plays an important role in the differential diagnosis. Combined with the serum markers of HBV and the detection results of HBV DNA，the status of hepatitis B lesion can be determined and provides important references for clinical designation of treatment program.

Objective To discuss the causes of intra-abdominal bleeding in the early stage after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data from 89 patients who underwent liver transplant at The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from May 2002 to August 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Early stage intra-abdominal bleeding after liver transplant were found in 8 cases，surgical factors were the main causes of intra-abdominal bleeding at early stage after liver trnsplant，coagulation disorders and thrombocytopenia were also important reasons of intra-abdominal bleeding at early stage after liver transplant，especially at the first 24hours. Conclusion To improve the survival rate of patients with perioperative period，the disorders of coagulation should be close monitored and treated，and the risk factors of bleeding should be controlled. At the same time，accumulating and improving the surgical experience and technology also play important roles.