Objective To investigate the predictive value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratiofor the short-term outcome of patients after lung transplantation by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data ofpatients after lung transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 81 patients with good early prognosis of lungtransplantation（30 d survival）and 39 patients with poor early prognosis of lung transplantation（30 d death）admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University from January 1，2020 to December 1，2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Independent risk factors for 30 d deathin lung transplant patients were explored by multifactorial logistic regression analysis. The predictive value of the NLR ratio for 30 d postoperative death in lung transplant patients was analyzed by plotting the receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curve. The patients were also grouped according to the optimal cut-off value，and Kaplan-Meiersurvival curves were plotted. Results Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that NLR（OR ＝ 1.11，95%CI ：1.03 ～ 1.19，P ＝ 0.008），mechanical ventilation time（OR ＝ 1.01，95%CI ：1.01 ～ 1.01，P ＝ 0.033）and PGD grade 3（OR ＝ 6.07，95%CI ：1.85 ～ 19.97，P ＝ 0.003）were independent risk factors for 30 d mortality in lung transplant patients. The area under the curve（AUC）of NLR for predicting 30 d mortality in lung transplant patients was 0.674，and grouping based on the cutoff value to plot the Kaplan- Meier survival curve showed that the 30 d mortality rate of lung transplant patients in the NLR ＞ 13.65 group was significantly higher than that in the NLR ≤ 13.65 group. Conclusion Preoperative NLR has a certain predictive value for the short-term outcomes of patients after lung transplantation.